Neuropathy is a pathology of the nervous system, which occurs against the background of peripheral nerve damage due to compression or trauma, and is non-inflammatory in nature. When several nerves located in one area are affected, the term “polyneuropathy” is used.
Various manifestations of neuropathy affect up to 15% of the adult population. Presumably, the number of patients with the disease is greater, because some of them do not go to the doctor with the initial manifestations.
Causes of peripheral neuropathy
To date, the exact cause of peripheral neuropathy has not been established. The emergence and development of the disease is affected by many factors, such as diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, chronic alcoholism, organic diseases, and external factors. In addition, there are forms of hereditary pathology associated with genetic defects.
Internal pathologies that can affect the development of peripheral neuropathy:
- Endocrine diseases;
- avitaminosis;
- autoimmune diseases;
- multiple sclerosis;
- rheumatoid arthritis.
External factors include:
- trauma;
- intoxication;
- infections;
- alcoholism.
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy
The clinical picture of the disease can be very different and touch any place in the body. Depending on the nature of the lesion, peripheral neuropathy is subdivided into:
- Sensory – sensory disturbance of the affected organ. The patient may feel numbness of the extremities, tingling, a feeling of crawling goosebumps without irritation, burning, pain syndrome, unsteadiness of gait;
- Peripheral – impaired impulse conduction from the central nervous system to the organs that are connected to the affected nerve fibers. It is accompanied by tingling and tingling in the area of the damaged nerve, numbness of the limbs, decreased sensitivity to pain and temperature changes. It is manifested by burning pain, loss of balance, loss of coordination;
- Motor – incomplete motor activity. In this form, a decrease in sensitivity is not observed. The patient unintentionally makes uncontrolled movements of the limbs, partially lost muscle reflexes, gradually begins to manifest muscle weakness. It is accompanied by pain and at the initial stage by convulsions;
- Autonomous – affects internal organs. It is considered to be the most dangerous, because with the progression of the disease, the functioning of certain organs and systems is disturbed. Swallowing, urination and defecation may be impaired.
The disease manifests itself in different ways, the most characteristic symptoms are:
- impaired sensitivity of the damaged area;
- pain syndrome of varying severity and intensity;
- muscle weakness;
- spasms and cramps;
- difficult movements.
Prevention
The main task of prevention is the timely treatment of infectious and systemic diseases. Patients with diabetes mellitus and other predisposing pathologies should regularly visit the doctor and clearly follow his appointments and recommendations. The rest of the preventive measures are reduced to simple rules:
- give up addictive habits;
- lead an active lifestyle with moderate physical activity;
- follow a proper and balanced diet;
- wear comfortable clothes and shoes that do not squeeze the feet and ankles;
- spend more time outdoors and take walks.
How to treat peripheral neuropathy
After careful diagnosis, the neurologist determines the treatment tactics depending on the form of the disease, the severity of its course and the causes that provoked the lesion of neuromuscular conduction.
Treatment is always sequential. Initially, the damaging factor (compression) is eliminated, then the inflammation and pain are relieved, the full functioning of the affected area is restored, and regenerative processes are stimulated. Drug treatment is prescribed using anti-inflammatory, antiviral, analgesic and other drugs, including those that improve nerve permeability. A course of vitamins may be indicated in addition to drug therapy.
Physiotherapy shows good results in treatment:
- physical therapy;
- electrophoresis;
- magnetotherapy;
- laser therapy;
- hydrotherapy;
- massage;
- acupuncture.
When drug therapy is not enough, the neurologist refers the patient to a neurosurgeon.
Effective surgical treatment:
- Prosthetic or plastic nerve repair;
- neurolysis;
- neurotization;
- tendon and muscle transposition.
Possible complications
Complications of peripheral neuropathy can be diverse and depend on the type and degree of development of the disease. The earlier the patient seeks help, the lower the risk of irreversible health consequences. One of the most common complications of peripheral neuropathy is loss of sensation. It reduces the patient’s quality of life and can lead to burns, infections, and other problems.
Neuropathies cause irreversible limitations of movement due to muscle weakness and paralysis, accompanied by movement coordination disorders. Nerve damage is complicated by chronic pain, which requires long-term treatment. If you seek help in a timely manner, specialists can avoid pronounced physical limitations and loss of sensation.
Conclusion
In conclusion, peripheral neuropathy is a complex condition that can manifest in various forms, leading to sensory disturbances, motor dysfunction, and even internal organ issues. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to manage the disease effectively and prevent irreversible complications. While the causes of peripheral neuropathy can vary, timely intervention through medication, physiotherapy, and, in some cases, surgical treatment can significantly improve outcomes. Preventive measures, such as managing underlying health conditions, maintaining an active lifestyle, and avoiding harmful habits, play a vital role in reducing the risk of developing neuropathy. With appropriate care, patients can manage the disease and maintain a better quality of life.
